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Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology
- 3rd edition
- Edited by Harry T. Reis, Tessa West, Charles M. Judd
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- August 2024
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- 31 August 2024
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This indispensable collection provides extensive, yet accessible, coverage of conceptual and practical issues in research design in personality and social psychology. Using numerous examples and clear guidelines, especially for conducting complex statistical analysis, leading experts address specific methods and areas of research to capture a definitive overview of contemporary practice. Updated and expanded, this third edition engages with the most important methodological innovations over the past decade, offering a timely perspective on research practice in the field. To reflect such rapid advances, this volume includes commentary on particularly timely areas of development such as social neuroscience, mobile sensing methods, and innovative statistical applications. Seasoned and early-career researchers alike will find a range of tools, methods, and practices that will help improve their research and develop new conceptual and methodological possibilities. Supplementary online materials are available on Cambridge Core.
Glyphosate-resistant and susceptible downy brome (Bromus tectorum) management with soil-applied residual herbicides
- Charles M. Geddes, Mattea M. Pittman
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- Weed Technology / Accepted manuscript
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- 29 April 2024, pp. 1-26
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Downy brome is a cleistogamous facultative winter-annual grass weed that invades cropland, pastureland, and ruderal areas in western North America. Glyphosate-resistant downy brome, the first known glyphosate-resistant grass weed in Canada, was confirmed in a glyphosate-resistant canola field in southern Alberta in 2021. A controlled-environment study was conducted to determine the impact of preemergence soil-applied residual herbicides on glyphosate-resistant and susceptible downy brome in two field soils. Flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone (70/89 g ai ha−1), carfentrazone/pyroxasulfone (18/150 g ai ha−1), sulfentrazone/pyroxasulfone (100/100 or 150/150 g ai ha−1), and saflufenacil/pyroxasulfone (36/120 g ai ha−1) resulted in excellent (≥90%) visible control and downy brome biomass reduction 8 wk after treatment (WAT). The low rate of carfentrazone/pyroxasulfone (12/100 g ai ha−1) resulted in good (≥80%) visible control and biomass reduction 8 WAT, while the low and medium rates of saflufenacil/pyroxasulfone (18/60 or 25/84 g ai ha−1) resulted in ≥80% biomass reduction but suppression only (66% to 75%) based on visible control. Flumioxazin alone (105 g ai ha−1) resulted in good visible control (81%) 8 WAT in a sandy loam soil, but poor (13%) control in a clay loam soil. Soil type affected plant growth as evidenced by reduced growth in the untreated sandy loam soil compared to clay loam soil. The glyphosate-resistant population emerged and grew more vigorously than the glyphosate-susceptible population resulting in greater plant densities in the untreated control and some less-effective herbicide treatments. These results suggest that mixtures of a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide with the very-long-chain fatty acid elongase inhibitor pyroxasulfone applied preemergence at ≥89 g ai ha−1 could be effective components of an herbicide layering strategy targeting glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible downy brome.
Impact of electrophysiologists at daily multidisciplinary report in a paediatric cardiac care unit
- Matthew F. Mikulski, Andrew Well, Daniel Shmorhun, Carlos M. Mery, Arnold L. Fenrich, Charles D. Fraser
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- Cardiology in the Young , First View
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- 05 April 2024, pp. 1-7
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Background:
Paediatric cardiac electrophysiologists are essential in CHD inpatient care, but their involvement is typically limited to consultation with individual patients. In our integrated heart centre, an electrophysiologist reviews all cardiac inpatient telemetry over the preceding 24 hours and participates in daily multidisciplinary morning report. This study investigates the impact of the strategy of consistent, formalised electrophysiologist presence at multidisciplinary morning report.
Methods:This is a single-centre, prospective, observational study of electrophysiologist participation in patient encounters during heart centre multidisciplinary morning report from 10/20/2021 to 10/31/2022. Multidisciplinary morning report includes discussion of all intensive care and non-intensive care cardiac patients. An encounter was defined as reporting on one patient for one day. Electrophysiologists were initially blinded to observations.
Results:Two electrophysiologists were observed over 215 days encompassing 6413 patient encounters. Electrophysiologists made comments on 581(9.1%) encounters in 234 unique patients with diverse diagnoses, equating to a median of 3[interquartile range:1–4] encounters per day. These included identifications of arrhythmias and describing electrocardiographic findings. Recommendation to change management occurred in 282(48.5%) encounters, most commonly regarding medications (n = 142, 24.4%) or pacemaker management (n = 48, 8.3%). Of the 581 encounters, there were 61(10.5%) in which they corrected another physician’s interpretation of rhythm or electrocardiogram.
Conclusion:Routine electrophysiologist involvement in multidisciplinary morning report provides significant, frequent, and timely input in patient management by identifying precise rhythm-related diagnoses and allowing nuanced, patient-specific medication and pacemaker management of all cardiac patients, not just those consulted. Electrophysiologist presence at multidisciplinary morning report is a vital resource and this practice should be considered at integrated paediatric cardiac centres.
85 Investigations of Clinical and Translational Science Roadblocks: a Survey of a Private Medical School and a Large Public University
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- Katherine H. Sippel, Fasiha Kanwal, Christopher I. Amos, Gloria Liao, Dakai Zhu, Charles Minard, Claudia Neuhauser, Mary Dickinson, Bettina M. Beech
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 8 / Issue s1 / April 2024
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- 03 April 2024, p. 23
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Clinical and translational science needs to address roadblocks to translational processes. We conducted a survey at two institutions, a private medical school and a large public university, to understand the frequency and distribution of barriers and roadblocks to research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We reviewed the literature to compile a pool of barriers and roadblocks and convened a panel of relevant stakeholders to develop a 20-item questionnaire. Survey respondents were asked to select and prioritize the five leading clinical and translational roadblocks, provide information regarding their academic degrees and rank/position, complete open-ended items regarding their areas of research, and optionally add additional remarks in a comment box. The survey was disseminated in August 2022 via REDCap to faculty and staff with active research protocols at Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Houston. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 227 respondents completed the survey. Their disciplines were basic science (29.5%), translational research (52.9%), clinical research (55.5%), community-engaged research (9.7%), and educational research (9.7%). Respondents identified 1) lack of access to trained research coordinators, 2) lack of understanding about different resources that facilitate research, 3) complex regulatory environment and delays, 4) fragmented infrastructure for administrative and fiscal processes, and 5) inadequate funding for pilot projects to foster new research. Other roadblocks included lack of established community stakeholder partnerships, inadequate access to medical record data, and limited biostatistical support. In the comments, several respondents noted that all items included were important. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Research workforce recruitment/training was the highest priority followed by lack of access to information and administrative bottlenecks. We are building an online portal to increase awareness and simplify access to competency-based training and research services. Initiatives are underway to address other roadblocks.
Tris(Acetylacetonato)Silicon(IV) Binding to Montmorillonite and Hydrolysis to Interlayer Silicic Acid
- Charles G. Manos, Jr., M. M. Mortland, Thomas J. Pinnavaia
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- Clays and Clay Minerals / Volume 32 / Issue 2 / April 1984
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- 02 April 2024, pp. 93-98
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The reactions of the tris(acetylacetonato)silicone(IV) cation (Si(acac)3+) with Na+-, Mg2+-, and Co2+-exchange forms of hectorite and montmorillonite have been investigated to understand better the formation process of clays pillared by silicic acid. In acetone as the solvating medium, Si(acac)3+ binds to the Na+- and Mg2+-clays with the desorption of only a small fraction (~5%) of the initial exchange cation, suggesting that the complex binds as the ion pair [Si(acac)3+][Cl−]. With the Co2+-clays, however, the exchange cation is desorbed quantitatively, and Si(acac)3+ binding is accompanied by the formation of an acetone-solvated CoCl2 solution complex which helps to drive the ion-exchange reaction. Thus, Co2+-smectites react with Si(acac)3+ in acetone to produce homoionic Si(acac)3+ intercalates, whereas Na+-and Mg2+-smectites produce mixed-ion intercalates. The interlayer hydrolysis of Si(acac)3+ to silicic acid in the homoionic Si(acac)3+- and mixed-ion Na+/Si(acac)3+- and Mg2+/Si(acac)3+-exchange forms of montmorillonite films is diffusion controlled. In water as the solvating medium, the reaction of Si(acac)3+ with Mg2+- or Co2+-montmorillonite results in the desorption of the exchange cations on a time scale which is comparable to that observed for the solution hydrolysis of Si(acac)3+. Thus, the precipitation of silicic acid from aqueous solution competes strongly with the formation of interlayer silicic acid. With aqueous Na+-montmorillonite dispersions, however, a significant fraction of the exchange cations desorbed rapidly upon Si(acac)3+ binding, and the formation of interlayer silicic acid is favored over the precipitation of Si(OH)4.
Challenges and solutions to system-wide use of precision oncology as the standard of care paradigm
- Nesrine Lajmi, Sofia Alves-Vasconcelos, Apostolos Tsiachristas, Andrew Haworth, Kerrie Woods, Charles Crichton, Theresa Noble, Hizni Salih, Kinga A. Várnai, Harriet Branford-White, Liam Orrell, Andrew Osman, Kevin M. Bradley, Lara Bonney, Daniel R. McGowan, Jim Davies, Matthew S. Prime, Andrew Bassim Hassan
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- Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine / Volume 2 / 2024
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- 26 March 2024, e4
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The personalised oncology paradigm remains challenging to deliver despite technological advances in genomics-based identification of actionable variants combined with the increasing focus of drug development on these specific targets. To ensure we continue to build concerted momentum to improve outcomes across all cancer types, financial, technological and operational barriers need to be addressed. For example, complete integration and certification of the ‘molecular tumour board’ into ‘standard of care’ ensures a unified clinical decision pathway that both counteracts fragmentation and is the cornerstone of evidence-based delivery inside and outside of a research setting. Generally, integrated delivery has been restricted to specific (common) cancer types either within major cancer centres or small regional networks. Here, we focus on solutions in real-world integration of genomics, pathology, surgery, oncological treatments, data from clinical source systems and analysis of whole-body imaging as digital data that can facilitate cost-effectiveness analysis, clinical trial recruitment, and outcome assessment. This urgent imperative for cancer also extends across the early diagnosis and adjuvant treatment interventions, individualised cancer vaccines, immune cell therapies, personalised synthetic lethal therapeutics and cancer screening and prevention. Oncology care systems worldwide require proactive step-changes in solutions that include inter-operative digital working that can solve patient centred challenges to ensure inclusive, quality, sustainable, fair and cost-effective adoption and efficient delivery. Here we highlight workforce, technical, clinical, regulatory and economic challenges that prevent the implementation of precision oncology at scale, and offer a systematic roadmap of integrated solutions for standard of care based on minimal essential digital tools. These include unified decision support tools, quality control, data flows within an ethical and legal data framework, training and certification, monitoring and feedback. Bridging the technical, operational, regulatory and economic gaps demands the joint actions from public and industry stakeholders across national and global boundaries.
Neuropsychological correlates of early grief in bereaved older adults
- Brianna M. Hoffmann, Nutta-on P. Blair, Timothy L. McAuliffe, Gyujoon Hwang, Eric Larson, Stacy A. Claesges, Abigail Webber, Charles F. Reynolds III, Joseph S. Goveas
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- International Psychogeriatrics , First View
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- 11 March 2024, pp. 1-6
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Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is associated with impairments in cognitive functioning, but the neuropsychological correlates of early grief in older adults are poorly understood. This preliminary study cross-sectionally examined neuropsychological functioning in bereaved adults with high and low grief symptoms and a non-bereaved comparison sample and further explored the relationship between multidomain cognitive measures and grief severity. A total of ninety-three nondemented older adults (high grief: n = 44; low grief: n = 49) within 12 months post-bereavement and non-bereaved comparison participants (n = 43) completed neuropsychological battery including global and multiple domain-specific cognitive functioning. Linear regression models were used to analyze differences in multidomain cognitive measures between the groups and specifically examine the associations between cognitive performance and grief severity in the bereaved, after covariate adjustment, including depressive symptoms. Bereaved older adults with higher grief symptoms performed worse than those with lower symptoms and non-bereaved participants on executive functioning and attention and processing speed measures. In the bereaved, poorer executive functioning, attention and processing speed correlated with higher grief severity. Attention/processing speed–grief severity correlation was seen in those with time since loss ≤ 6 months, but not > 6 months. Intense early grief is characterised by poorer executive functioning, attention, and processing speed, resembling findings in PGD. The putative role of poorer cognitive functioning during early grief on the transition to integrated grief or the development of PGD remains to be elucidated.
Assessing forage research and education needs of organic dairy farms in the United States
- Eric Hatungimana, Heather M. Darby, Kathy J. Soder, Sara E. Ziegler, Andre F. Brito, Lisa Kissing Kucek, Heathcliffe Riday, E. Charles Brummer
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- Journal:
- Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems / Volume 39 / 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 March 2024, e9
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The viability of organic dairy operations in the United States (US) relies on forage production. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess producer and farm information regarding current forage production practices and producer knowledge gaps and (2) identify forage research and educational needs of organic dairy producers across the US. A survey was distributed to 643 organic dairy producers across the US, with 165 respondents (26% response rate). A focus group consisting of extension professionals, university researchers and staff, consultants, dairy industry representatives and organic dairy producers was also consulted for forage research needs. Results showed that approximately half (51%) of surveyed producers were somewhat satisfied with their forage production systems and sometimes experienced negative weather-related impacts on forage yield and quality. A majority (64%) of producers felt their knowledge to meet farm goals was adequate but they reported a lack of resources to implement this knowledge especially for balancing high-forage diets and selecting soil amendments. This study revealed that 54% of producers rely on peer experiences as information resources to make decisions on forage programs. Producer knowledge gaps included pasture renovation with reduced or no-tillage, forage mixtures that match their needs, and forage management practices aiming for high-quality forage. Based on the survey and focus group findings, forage research and educational activities should foster climate change resilience regarding forage diversity adapted to local and regional climatic conditions, improve forage quality, enhance economic returns from soil fertility amendments and pasture renovation, and introduce new forages and forage mixtures that suit economical, agronomical, and environmental needs.
Analysis of haemodynamics surrounding blood transfusions after the arterial switch operation: a pilot study utilising real-time telemetry high-frequency data capture
- Matthew F. Mikulski, Antonio Linero, Daniel Stromberg, Jeremy T. Affolter, Charles D. Fraser, Carlos M. Mery, Richard P. Lion
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- Cardiology in the Young , First View
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- 07 March 2024, pp. 1-8
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Background:
Packed red blood cell transfusions occur frequently after congenital heart surgery to augment haemodynamics, with limited understanding of efficacy. The goal of this study was to analyse the hemodynamic response to packed red blood cell transfusions in a single cohort, as “proof-of-concept” utilising high-frequency data capture of real-time telemetry monitoring.
Methods:Retrospective review of patients after the arterial switch operation receiving packed red blood cell transfusions from 15 July 2020 to 15 July 2021. Hemodynamic parameters were collected from a high-frequency data capture system (SickbayTM) continuously recording vital signs from bedside monitors and analysed in 5-minute intervals up to 6 hours before, 4 hours during, and 6 hours after packed red blood cell transfusions—up to 57,600 vital signs per packed red blood cell transfusions. Variables related to oxygen balance included blood gas co-oximetry, lactate levels, near-infrared spectroscopy, and ventilator settings. Analgesic, sedative, and vasoactive infusions were also collected.
Results:Six patients, at 8.5[IQR:5-22] days old and weighing 3.1[IQR:2.8-3.2]kg, received transfusions following the arterial switch operation. There were 10 packed red blood cell transfusions administered with a median dose of 10[IQR:10-15]mL/kg over 169[IQR:110-190]min; at median post-operative hour 36[IQR:10-40]. Significant increases in systolic and mean arterial blood pressures by 5-12.5% at 3 hours after packed red blood cell transfusions were observed, while renal near-infrared spectroscopy increased by 6.2% post-transfusion. No significant changes in ventilation, vasoactive support, or laboratory values related to oxygen balance were observed.
Conclusions:Packed red blood cell transfusions given after the arterial switch operation increased arterial blood pressure by 5-12.5% for 3 hours and renal near-infrared spectroscopy by 6.2%. High-frequency data capture systems can be leveraged to provide novel insights into the hemodynamic response to commonly used therapies such as packed red blood cell transfusions after paediatric cardiac surgery.
List of Maps
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 05 March 2024, pp ix-x
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List of Abbreviations
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 05 March 2024, pp xv-xxvi
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3 - List of Accounts
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- 05 March 2024, pp 577-578
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Summary
The main sets of Declared Accounts are in E 351 (Exchequer, Declared Accounts in Rolls); they are handsomely written and on parchment. This list shows how accounts printed in this volume stand in the series and in relation to the one appearing in ENA. A fuller listing there extends the range to the end of Elizabeth's reign, and includes other sets of accounts.
Part II - Mary I (1553–1558)
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 05 March 2024, pp 273-280
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Summary
In the immediate aftermath of Edward's death on 6 July, the navy found itself in what could have been the front line. This was because the King had attempted to decree that his successor should not be his Catholic half-sister Mary, who was the heir both by statute and by their father's will, but rather his Protestant cousin the former Lady Jane Grey, now married to Northumberland's youngest son. Jane apparently had the support of the Council, and was duly proclaimed. Mary made her way to Kenninghall in Norfolk, which was in the heart of her own estates, and in turn proclaimed her right. By 13 July the Council believed that she was in flight for the Low Countries and sent a squadron of half a dozen ships to intercept her [II.1]. Mary, however, had no such intention. Not only was she the lawful heir, she was also the popular choice. First at Kenninghall and then at Framlingham in Suffolk her supporters rallied to her and she soon had a formidable force, led by her committed servants. Meanwhile the naval operation had been frustrated by bad weather; five of the ships sheltered in the Orwell, while the sixth, Greyhound, ended up at Lowestoft [II.2]. There the captain, Gilbert Grice, was arrested, but Mary's Council duly accepted his submission on the 17th, and he was continued in command of his ship [II.3]. Perhaps inspired by Grice's example, or perhaps solicited by Sir Henry Jerningham on Mary's behalf, the other ships followed suit, and some of their guns were transported to the Queen's camp at Framlingham. As a temporary measure, the six ships under the Queen's control were, on 19 July, put under the charge of an experienced shipman, Sir Richard Cavendish. On the 25th he was superseded by William Tirrell, appointed as Vice-Admiral [II.4]. The Lord Admiral, Lord Clinton, made his peace with the new regime, though his actual submission is not recorded. The rapprochement was brief because in November he was dismissed in favour of Lord William Howard [II.5–7]. Then William Winter, the Surveyor, was suspected of involvement in Sir Thomas Wyatt's rebellion of January 1554, which was provoked by the Queen's intended marriage.
5 - Administration
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 05 March 2024, pp 301-310
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Summary
Direct evidence of a struggle between two Tudor politicians for the same office is rare in itself; the more so over the Admiralty, because it seems only to have been in Mary's reign that appointment to this office was politically contentious. The replacement of Lord Clinton is documented from the State Papers Foreign simply because his chosen successor Lord William Howard was then serving as Deputy of Calais [II.5–7].
The Queen's marriage to Philip of Spain created an unprecedented constitutional uncertainty, never fully resolved. Unlike the consorts of later Queens Regnant, Philip had the title of King, and all official documents were issued jointly by the King and Queen. Philip's kingship was also expressed in regnal years running in complicated canon with those of his wife. Yet it was never clear just what power Philip had in his own right. While he was in England he acted jointly with the Queen; when he was in Brussels (which was most of the time) she sought his advice on all important issues. Philip also maintained direct contact with English ministers, including the Lord Admiral. For some while after his first departure in September 1555 he communicated (in Latin) with a select group of Privy Councillors, returning their regular reports with his minuted decisions and comments. One such exchange [II.8] shows the King acknowledging the Royal Navy's fundamental value to the nation's defence. Though there is a certain irony in this observation from the future sender of the Invincible Armada, the second half of Philip's reply reveals his real interest. The English fleet now under his control was a valuable accession in protecting the passage between Spain and her territories in the Low Countries. There was, however, a failure in providing a suitable escort for Philip's own crossing to Calais, prompting a frosty rebuke to the Lord Admiral [II.9]. Soon afterwards the Privy Council ordered a thorough review and overhaul of the navy, though the only direct evidence of this is an entry in the Council Register [II.10]. A year later this was followed by a radical reform of naval financing, replacing piecemeal supply with a fixed budget. For this we have only the registered decision [II.11], with no indication of the debate which prompted it.
4 - The Succession Crisis
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 05 March 2024, pp 281-300
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Summary
New evidence about the coup which brought Mary to the throne has shed more light on its naval aspect. It has always been known that the Duke of Northumberland sent ships to the East Anglian coast to prevent Mary from making her escape that way. This is explicit in one of the contemporary chronicles, as extracted here [II.1]. We now know in some detail what happened to these ships, and in particular about dissension aboard one of them, from the record of a case heard before the Admiralty Court two years later. Greyhound's captain, Gilbert Grice, had been hand-picked by Northumberland for his expertise, but his crew had a keener sense of the way the tide was running, and when Grice went ashore at Yarmouth the master, John Hurlocke, took command and declared for Mary. He then broke open the captain's chest, on the grounds that he was a manifest traitor, and shared the contents with his shipmates. In the event Grice soon made his peace with Mary [II.3] and was retained in service. He subsequently sued Hurlocke before the Admiralty Court for the recovery of his goods, and it is the depositions in these proceedings which are presented in full here [II.2]. The testimonies are not entirely consistent, and there is no judgement. Grice was not on trial (indeed he had already been pardoned), and the only issue was whether he would see his clothes or his money again. What makes these papers important is their incidental detail about the operation and the men involved in it. This chapter is supplemented by some extracts from the Privy Council Register which show how the new regime took control of the navy [II.3–4].
II.1 The naval squadron sent to East Anglia in the attempt to prevent Mary's accession: extract from the account of anonymous Tower of London chronicler
[Chron. Jane, pp. 8–9]
13–15 July 1553
The 13th day [of July] there came divers gentlemen with their powers to Queen Mary's succour.
About this time or thereabouts the six ships that were sent to lie before Yarmouth, that if she had fled to have taken her, was by force of weather driven into the haven, whereabout that quarters one Master Jerningham was raising power on Queen Mary's behalf, and hearing thereof came thither.
3 - Accounts and Finance
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- Boydell & Brewer
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- 05 March 2024, pp 129-272
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Summary
It is not always safe to date an administrative process, let alone an institution, from its earliest documentation. Records go missing, or their archival sequence can be lost through subsequent rearrangement. The Navy Treasurer's Declared Accounts to the Exchequer begin at Christmas 1546, seemingly in direct consequence of the restructuring of the naval administration earlier that year. Naval accounts do, of course, survive in profusion before this date, but the almost unbroken series running from Robert Legge's account for the year ending Christmas 1547 [I.80] might be taken as a new beginning. In fact, as the foot of this account shows, Legge had submitted an account for the previous year, but that is now lost. The 1546/7 roll has also become detached from its successors and so now has a random piece number, while the first item in the sequence is not really part of it.
All the accounts printed here, though expressed with some prolixity, are mathematically simple. However, they cannot be read as straightforward statements of receipt and expenditure; in common with the practice of the time, their purpose was rather for the accountant (here the Treasurer or Victualler) to demonstrate that he had discharged his own financial liability to his superior (here the Crown). Therefore any arrears from the previous account are added in on the charge side or recepta along with the actual sums received [as II.89]. Against this is set the discharge or expense, and if that exceeded the charge the account was said to be in surplus (superplus) [as I.81]. If on the other hand the discharge fell below the charge, he was said to be in debt [as I.87], because the difference represented the Crown's money still standing on his books. Making and copying the accounts was a lengthy process, so this was set in hand well before the terminal date, with the result that a ‘postscript’ or super had to be added, which might include additional charges. More often it deducted administrative expenses (such as the costs of writing the account itself and the audit) which whittled away the charge. Items might also be written off at this point. Sometimes the accountant achieved a perfect balance of charge and discharge, in which case he declared himself equalis or ‘quit’ [as I.80].
1 - List of Ships
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- 05 March 2024, pp 455-524
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Summary
This Appendix also serves Elizabethan Naval Administration (ENA), and so includes many ships not featured in this volume
The list is restricted to royal ships, including prizes which were not formally absorbed into the fleet, but excluding most hired merchantmen. The names of all these vessels have been standardised in the text; the MS variants are set out in the index. The details derive principally from the sources listed below, which are more briefly cited than in the main annotation; the full titles are given in the complete list of abbreviations on pp. xv–xxiv. Anderson's reference is given first in the end-notes because, though his details have often been corrected, his remains the most comprehensive list in which each ship has an identifying number. Glasgow's list, which gives a separately numbered sequence for each reign (but concluding at 1588), is cited next. Other sources are in order of publication. Oppenheim has annotated tables for the ships of Henry VIII and Elizabeth, but not for additions under Edward VI and Mary. Rodger's list includes only ships of 100 tuns or above. Colledge, covering the entire history of the Royal Navy, frequently features many ships of the same name on the same page, making citation less precise. The comment ‘Not in other lists’ refers only to these works. No comprehensive check has been attempted on the sources from which they were compiled; only Oppenheim gives references, and these are not always reliable. This new version will inevitably transmit errors and widen specifications which had been correctly narrowed in the preceding works. Only the most significant variant details among these are noted.
Builders
If known, the names of the boilders or builders are given in brackets after the date and place of building. Likewise, in two cases, the individuals in charge of destruction. Only occasionally before the 1580s can a ship be confidently assigned to a particular builder. It has been argued that all the new shipbuilding of the 1570s was at Deptford, and that the newly appointed master shipwright Matthew Baker was chiefly responsible rather than his senior colleague Peter Pett. This interpretation calls into question the previous assumption that the new work was shared ship by ship between Pett and Baker.
Tonnage
This should be understood as burthen (bn) unless ton and tonnage (tt) is indicated. Both measurements derive from commercial practice.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- 05 March 2024, pp i-vi
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7 - Establishments and Orders
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- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
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- 05 March 2024, pp 393-406
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Summary
The armament of Queen Mary's ships is fully described in a previously unpublished Ordnance Office survey of 1555, now at Longleat [II.78]. This must be the work of Anthony Anthony, and is the only such establishment to survive between his great illuminated inventory of 1546, and a list of 1585. For some of the smaller vessels it is the only source of ordnance data. However, it pre-dates the building of Philip and Mary and the second Mary Rose so does not reveal the full firepower the Marian navy eventually acquired. Two brief lists from Pepys's collections, one of ships [II.79] and the other of designated captains [II.80] are placed here because they cannot be fitted precisely into the chronological sequence of Chapter 6. That also applies to a version of the general orders for the navy [II.81]. This comes from James Humphrey's compendium of 1569, but its occasional use of the plural royal style assigns it to the years of Philip and Mary. There has been some doubt as to whether its more bizarre provisions were ever enforced.
II.78 Extract from Ordnance Office Establishment
[Longleat House, Misc. MS V, ff. 1, 53–73v]
20 August 1555
The Office of the Ordnance. A declaration containing the quantity and number of all such ordnance of brass and iron, with all other sorts and kinds of artillery, munitions and other habiliments of [word repeated] war remaining in sundry places within the realm of England and the dominions of the same, that is to say, as well within the Tower of London, the North parts, the forts standing upon the sea coasts, Calais and the Marches, and Ireland, as also within the King and Queen's Majesties’ ships; together with the yearly wages, stipends, fees and allowances due to the sundry officers and ministers serving within the said office, as well in the 10th year of the reign of our late sovereign lord King Henry the eight of famous memory [1518–19], as also at this present day, being the 20th day of August anno Domini 1555 and the second and third years of Philip and Mary, by the grace of God, King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant,
2 - Establishments, Surveys and Reports
- Edited by Charles S. Knighton, David M. Loades
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- Book:
- The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 05 March 2024, pp 105-128
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- Chapter
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Summary
When Pepys was at the Navy Board in the 1660s, he was indignant that the only accurate fleet list in the Office was the one which by his ‘particular curiosity’ he had compiled for himself. It is by no means certain that his predecessors in the first generation of that department were any better served, because no complete and definitive establishment of ships or men survives. Nor is it really clear what ships constituted the Royal Navy. Vessels owned by the King included small craft used around the dockyards and in support roles such as would nowadays be assigned to the RFA, not flying the White Ensign. On another hand, a number of merchantmen on long-term loan formed part of the fighting force. This might also include ships owned personally by the Lord Admiral and other senior commanders.
Most modern lists of Edward's VI's fleet derive from one first printed in the eighteenth century, showing where each ship was stationed at the end of Edward's first year [I.66]. Although some detail has been corrupted in transmission, the ordnance data corresponds almost exactly to that of the great inventory of Henry VIII's goods compiled at that time. Rather more vessels appear in a list for the same year [I.67]; but this survives as a copy made and amended twenty years later, with manifestly anachronistic elements. The paper nevertheless provides valuable detail previously unnoticed, including some identification of shipbuilders. It comes from a compendium made by an Elizabethan Admiralty official, James Humphrey, which provides most of the items in this section. A listing of dockyard officials and their wages [I.65] appears to be taken from two sections of a Navy Treasurer's Quarter Book, the first extant example of which will be printed in ENA. Humphrey's collection also preserves the detailed rigging inventories and surveys of three great ships taken in July 1552 [I.73–6]. Similar documents exist from the early years of the reign of Henry VIII, but there are no others for the mid-Tudor period.
Another major source for the Tudor Navy is the MS collection of Sir Robert Cotton, now part of the British Library.